UNIT:-1
FOREST AND THE FORESTRY
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Definition:-
The word forest latin (also forès) "forest, vast expanse covered by trees" in definition for the existence of trees. ...
The vast land covered by the hudge canopies of trees is called forest
FORESTRY:- It is defined as the theory and practice of all that constitutes the creation, conservation and scientific management of forests and the utilization of their resources ,the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests.
Classification of Forests
Forests can be classified on the basis of:
1. Age,
2. Method of regeneration,
3. Composition,
4. Ownership,
5. Object of Management,
6. Growing Stock.
1. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Age: Forest is classified into:
A) Even Aged Forest:
Even-aged forests, also called regular forests are those consisting of even - aged woods. Even - aged wood means trees of approximately the same age. True even - aged forests can be only man - made forests. In case of forests, which regenerate naturally, some age difference is often allowed. Differences up to 25% of the rotation are usually allowed in cases where forest is not harvested for 100 years or more.
B) Un-Even Aged Forests:
A forest is called uneven - aged or irregular when trees vary widely in age.
2. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Regeneration: Forests are identified into
A. High Forest: When regeneration is obtained from seed
B. Coppice Forest: When regeneration is through coppice or some vegetative part of the tree.
* Natural Forest: When the regeneration is obtained naturally, the forests are called natural forests
* Man Made Forest: When it is obtained artificially, the forests are called Man-made forests or Plantations.
3. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Composition: Forests are classified into
A. Pure Forests: Pure forests are composed almost entirely ofo ne species, usually to the extent of not less than 50 pe cent.
B. Mixed Forests: Mixed forests are defined as forest composed of trees of two or more species intermingled in the same canopy.
4. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Management: Forests are classified into
A. Protection Forests: Protection forests are those which are managed primarily for ameliorating climate, checking soil erosion and floods, conserving soil and water, regulating stream flow and increasing water yields and exerting other beneficial influences.
B. Production Forests: Production forests are those which are managed primarily for their produce.
C. Social Forests: Social forests where the produce is utilised by neighbouring society.
5. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Ownership: Forests can be classified as
A. Government Forests:
On the basis of Legal status, Government forests are further classified into:
a. Reserved Forests: A Reserved forest is an area with complete protection, constituted according to chapter II of the Indian Forests Act. 1927.
b. Protected Forests: A Protected forest is an area subject to limited degree of protection constituted under the provisions of chapter IV of the Indian Forest Act., 1927.
c. Village Forests: A Village forest is a state forest assigned to a village community under the provisions of chapter III of Indian Forest Act.
B. Private Forests
C. Forests owned by Corporations, Panchayats, Societies and other Agencies.
6. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Growing Stock : A forest can be classified into
A. Normal Forest: A Normal forest is an ideal forest with regard to growing stock, age class distribution and increment and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce equals to the increment and can be continued indefinitely without endangering future yields.
B. Abnormal Forest: Abnormal forest is one which is not normal, i.e. growing stock, age, class, distribution of stems, increment, etc. are either in excess or more usually in dificit than the normal forest.
Classification of forestry
A. Protection Forestry
B. National Forestry
C. Village Forestry
C. Tree Land forestry
A. Protection Forestry
The practices of managing the forests for their protection function are called Protection forestry. In protection forestry, the object is to protect the site due to instability of terrain, nature of soil, geological formations, etc. Such areas where manipulation of the forest cover is not desirable may be classed as protection forests. The forests located on higher hill slopes, national parks and sanctuaries, preservation plots, biosphere or nature reserves and wilderness areas may be included under protection forests. The practice of forestry with a view to conserving flora, fauna, soil and water, increasing water yields, reducing floods and droughts, amelioration of climatic conditions, etc. is called Protection Forestry.
B. Production Forestry
The practice of forestry with object of producing maximum quantity of timber, fuel wood and other forest produce is called Production Forestry. The production forestry can be further classified into:
(i) Commercial Forestry: Commercial forestry aims to get maximum production of timber, fuel wood and other forest products as a business enterprise.
(ii) Industrial Forestry: Industrial forestry aims at producing raw material required for industry. In Production forestry, there is a greater concern for the production and economic returns.
(iii) Mixed Quality Forests
(iv) Valuable Forests
(v) Inaccessible Forests
C. Social Forestry:- Social Forestry is the practice of forestry which aims at meeting the requirement of rural and urban population. The object of social forestry is to meet the basic needs of community aiming at bettering the conditions of living through:
(i) Meeting the fuel wood, fodder and small timber requirements
(ii) Protection of agricultural fields against wind
(iii) Meeting recreational needs and
(iv) Maximizing production and increasing farm returns
Various forms of Social forestry are:
a) Community Forestry: The practice of forestry on lands outside the conventional forest area for the benefit of local population has been called Community forestry. Community forestry seeks the involvement of community in the creation and management of such forests.
b) Farm Forestry: Farm Forestry is defined as the practice of forestry in all its aspect on farms of village lands generally integrated with other farm operations.
c)Extension Forestry: Extension forestry which includes the activity of raising trees on farm lands, villages wastelands and community forest areas and on lands along the sides of roads, canal banks and railway lines (Anon., 1976). More recently, there has been emphasis on dynamic land use planning and efforts are made to maximise production on farmlands under agroforestry.
d) Agro-Forestry: Agro-forestry has been defined as a sustainable land management system which increases the yield of the land, combines the production of crops and forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land and applies management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population.
e) Recreational Forestry: More recently, there has been considerable demand for Recreational forestry, which is defined as the practice of forestry with the object of developing and maintaining forests of high scenic value. Recreational forests are being developed near towns and cities. The areas are being planted with flowering trees, shrubs and creepers to provide forest atmosphere near towns and cities.
Branches of Forestry
1. Silviculture:
If refers to certain aspects of theory and practices of raising forests crops, methods of raising tree crops, their growth and after care up to the time of final harvesting.
2. Mensuration:
It deals with the measurement of forest produce ex. Dimension from volume, age and increment of individual trees and forest crop.
3. Silviculture system:
Process by which the crops constituting a forest are tended, removal and replaced by new crops
4. Management:
Practical application of sequence technique and economics to forest estate for the production of certain desired results
5. Utilization:
Branch of forestry which deals with harvesting, marketing conservation and applying the forest produce to a variety of uses eg. Timber, fuel etc.
Object of Silviculture
1. Control of Crop Composition and Production of Species of More Economic Value
2. Control of Stand Density, for Production of Maximum Volume
3. Afforestation of Blank and Under Stocked Areas
4. Production of Quality Timber
5. Control on Rotation Period:
6. Facilitate management and use of forest.
History of forestry in india
In 1953, the government nationalised the forests which were earlier with the zamindars. India also nationalised most of the forest wood industry and non-wood forest products industry. Over the years, many rules and regulations were introduced by India. In 1980, the Conservation Act was passed, which stipulated that the central permission is required to practice sustainable agro-forestry in a forest area. Violations or lack of permits was made a criminal offense. These nationalisation wave and laws intended to limit deforestation, conserve biodiversity, and save wildlife. However, the intent of these regulations was not matched by reality that followed. Neither investment aimed at sustainable forestry nor knowledge transfer followed once India had nationalised and heavily regulated forestry. Deforestation increased, biodiversity diminished and wildlife dwindled. India's rural population and impoverished families continued to ignore the laws passed in Delhi, and use the forests near them for sustenance.
India launched its National Forest Policy in 1988. This led to a programme named Joint Forest Management, which proposed that specific villages in association with the forest department will manage specific forest blocks. In particular, the protection of the forests would be the responsibility of the people. By 1992, seventeen states of India participated in Joint Forest Management, bringing about 2 million hectares of forests under protection. The effect of this initiative has been claimed to be positive
FOREST AND THE FORESTRY
 |
| (Photo from Google) |
Definition:-
The word forest latin (also forès) "forest, vast expanse covered by trees" in definition for the existence of trees. ...
The vast land covered by the hudge canopies of trees is called forest
FORESTRY:- It is defined as the theory and practice of all that constitutes the creation, conservation and scientific management of forests and the utilization of their resources ,the science or practice of planting, managing, and caring for forests.
Classification of Forests
Forests can be classified on the basis of:
1. Age,
2. Method of regeneration,
3. Composition,
4. Ownership,
5. Object of Management,
6. Growing Stock.
1. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Age: Forest is classified into:
A) Even Aged Forest:
Even-aged forests, also called regular forests are those consisting of even - aged woods. Even - aged wood means trees of approximately the same age. True even - aged forests can be only man - made forests. In case of forests, which regenerate naturally, some age difference is often allowed. Differences up to 25% of the rotation are usually allowed in cases where forest is not harvested for 100 years or more.
B) Un-Even Aged Forests:
A forest is called uneven - aged or irregular when trees vary widely in age.
2. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Regeneration: Forests are identified into
A. High Forest: When regeneration is obtained from seed
B. Coppice Forest: When regeneration is through coppice or some vegetative part of the tree.
* Natural Forest: When the regeneration is obtained naturally, the forests are called natural forests
* Man Made Forest: When it is obtained artificially, the forests are called Man-made forests or Plantations.
3. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Composition: Forests are classified into
A. Pure Forests: Pure forests are composed almost entirely ofo ne species, usually to the extent of not less than 50 pe cent.
B. Mixed Forests: Mixed forests are defined as forest composed of trees of two or more species intermingled in the same canopy.
4. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Management: Forests are classified into
A. Protection Forests: Protection forests are those which are managed primarily for ameliorating climate, checking soil erosion and floods, conserving soil and water, regulating stream flow and increasing water yields and exerting other beneficial influences.
B. Production Forests: Production forests are those which are managed primarily for their produce.
C. Social Forests: Social forests where the produce is utilised by neighbouring society.
5. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Ownership: Forests can be classified as
A. Government Forests:
On the basis of Legal status, Government forests are further classified into:
a. Reserved Forests: A Reserved forest is an area with complete protection, constituted according to chapter II of the Indian Forests Act. 1927.
b. Protected Forests: A Protected forest is an area subject to limited degree of protection constituted under the provisions of chapter IV of the Indian Forest Act., 1927.
c. Village Forests: A Village forest is a state forest assigned to a village community under the provisions of chapter III of Indian Forest Act.
B. Private Forests
C. Forests owned by Corporations, Panchayats, Societies and other Agencies.
6. Classification of Forest On the Basis of Growing Stock : A forest can be classified into
A. Normal Forest: A Normal forest is an ideal forest with regard to growing stock, age class distribution and increment and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce equals to the increment and can be continued indefinitely without endangering future yields.
B. Abnormal Forest: Abnormal forest is one which is not normal, i.e. growing stock, age, class, distribution of stems, increment, etc. are either in excess or more usually in dificit than the normal forest.
Classification of forestry
A. Protection Forestry
B. National Forestry
C. Village Forestry
C. Tree Land forestry
A. Protection Forestry
The practices of managing the forests for their protection function are called Protection forestry. In protection forestry, the object is to protect the site due to instability of terrain, nature of soil, geological formations, etc. Such areas where manipulation of the forest cover is not desirable may be classed as protection forests. The forests located on higher hill slopes, national parks and sanctuaries, preservation plots, biosphere or nature reserves and wilderness areas may be included under protection forests. The practice of forestry with a view to conserving flora, fauna, soil and water, increasing water yields, reducing floods and droughts, amelioration of climatic conditions, etc. is called Protection Forestry.
B. Production Forestry
The practice of forestry with object of producing maximum quantity of timber, fuel wood and other forest produce is called Production Forestry. The production forestry can be further classified into:
(i) Commercial Forestry: Commercial forestry aims to get maximum production of timber, fuel wood and other forest products as a business enterprise.
(ii) Industrial Forestry: Industrial forestry aims at producing raw material required for industry. In Production forestry, there is a greater concern for the production and economic returns.
(iii) Mixed Quality Forests
(iv) Valuable Forests
(v) Inaccessible Forests
C. Social Forestry:- Social Forestry is the practice of forestry which aims at meeting the requirement of rural and urban population. The object of social forestry is to meet the basic needs of community aiming at bettering the conditions of living through:
(i) Meeting the fuel wood, fodder and small timber requirements
(ii) Protection of agricultural fields against wind
(iii) Meeting recreational needs and
(iv) Maximizing production and increasing farm returns
Various forms of Social forestry are:
a) Community Forestry: The practice of forestry on lands outside the conventional forest area for the benefit of local population has been called Community forestry. Community forestry seeks the involvement of community in the creation and management of such forests.
b) Farm Forestry: Farm Forestry is defined as the practice of forestry in all its aspect on farms of village lands generally integrated with other farm operations.
c)Extension Forestry: Extension forestry which includes the activity of raising trees on farm lands, villages wastelands and community forest areas and on lands along the sides of roads, canal banks and railway lines (Anon., 1976). More recently, there has been emphasis on dynamic land use planning and efforts are made to maximise production on farmlands under agroforestry.
d) Agro-Forestry: Agro-forestry has been defined as a sustainable land management system which increases the yield of the land, combines the production of crops and forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land and applies management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population.
e) Recreational Forestry: More recently, there has been considerable demand for Recreational forestry, which is defined as the practice of forestry with the object of developing and maintaining forests of high scenic value. Recreational forests are being developed near towns and cities. The areas are being planted with flowering trees, shrubs and creepers to provide forest atmosphere near towns and cities.
Branches of Forestry
1. Silviculture:
If refers to certain aspects of theory and practices of raising forests crops, methods of raising tree crops, their growth and after care up to the time of final harvesting.
2. Mensuration:
It deals with the measurement of forest produce ex. Dimension from volume, age and increment of individual trees and forest crop.
3. Silviculture system:
Process by which the crops constituting a forest are tended, removal and replaced by new crops
4. Management:
Practical application of sequence technique and economics to forest estate for the production of certain desired results
5. Utilization:
Branch of forestry which deals with harvesting, marketing conservation and applying the forest produce to a variety of uses eg. Timber, fuel etc.
Object of Silviculture
1. Control of Crop Composition and Production of Species of More Economic Value
2. Control of Stand Density, for Production of Maximum Volume
3. Afforestation of Blank and Under Stocked Areas
4. Production of Quality Timber
5. Control on Rotation Period:
6. Facilitate management and use of forest.
History of forestry in india
 |
| (Photo from Google) |
In 1953, the government nationalised the forests which were earlier with the zamindars. India also nationalised most of the forest wood industry and non-wood forest products industry. Over the years, many rules and regulations were introduced by India. In 1980, the Conservation Act was passed, which stipulated that the central permission is required to practice sustainable agro-forestry in a forest area. Violations or lack of permits was made a criminal offense. These nationalisation wave and laws intended to limit deforestation, conserve biodiversity, and save wildlife. However, the intent of these regulations was not matched by reality that followed. Neither investment aimed at sustainable forestry nor knowledge transfer followed once India had nationalised and heavily regulated forestry. Deforestation increased, biodiversity diminished and wildlife dwindled. India's rural population and impoverished families continued to ignore the laws passed in Delhi, and use the forests near them for sustenance.
India launched its National Forest Policy in 1988. This led to a programme named Joint Forest Management, which proposed that specific villages in association with the forest department will manage specific forest blocks. In particular, the protection of the forests would be the responsibility of the people. By 1992, seventeen states of India participated in Joint Forest Management, bringing about 2 million hectares of forests under protection. The effect of this initiative has been claimed to be positive
